Retreatment of tuberculosis patients in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil: outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the outcomes of retreatment in tuberculosis patients receiving the regimen known, in Brazil, as regimen 3 (streptomycin, ethambutol, ethionamide, and pyrazinamide for 3 months + ethambutol and ethionamide for 9 months) after treatment failure with the basic regimen (rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide for 2 months + rifampin and isoniazid for 4 months). METHODS: A descriptive, uncontrolled, historical cohort study involving adult tuberculosis patients treated with regimen 3. We evaluated adverse drug effects, recurrence, treatment outcomes, and associated factors. RESULTS: The study included 229 patients. The overall cure rate was 62%. For the patients who used the medications regularly and those who did not, the cure rate was 88% and 31%, respectively. Adverse events occurred in 95 patients (41.5%), and most of those events were related to the gastrointestinal tract. In the five-year follow-up period, relapse occurred in 17 cases (12.0%). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the outcomes of treatment with regimen 3 were unsatisfactory, in part because this regimen was administered to a selected population of patients at high risk for noncompliance with treatment, as well as because it presents high rates of adverse effects, especially those related to the gastrointestinal tract, which might be caused by ethionamide. However, for those who took the medications regularly, the cure rate was satisfactory. The recurrence rate was higher than that recommended in international consensus guidelines, which might be attributable to the short (12-month) treatment period. We believe that regimen 3, extended to 18 months, represents an option for patients with proven treatment compliance.

Desfechos do retratamento de pacientes com tuberculose com o uso do esquema 3 em Porto Alegre, Brasil / Retreatment of tuberculosis patients in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil: outcomes

OBJETIVO: Descrever os desfechos do retratamento de pacientes com tuberculose com o uso do esquema 3 (estreptomicina, etambutol, etionamida e pirazinamida por 3 meses + etambutol e etionamida por 9 meses) devido à falência do tratamento com o esquema básico (rifampicina, isoniazida e pirazinamida por 2 meses + rifampicina e isoniazida por 4 meses). MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo de coorte histórica, não controlada, com adultos que foram tratados com o esquema 3. Foram avaliados os desfechos desse tratamento, as reações adversas aos fármacos, as recidivas e os fatores associados. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos no estudo 229 pacientes. A taxa de cura geral foi de 62 por cento. Entre os pacientes que usaram a medicação regularmente e aqueles que a usaram irregularmente, a taxa de cura foi de 88 por cento e 31 por cento, respectivamente. Observaram-se reações adversas em 95 pacientes (41,5 por cento), principalmente digestivas. Ocorreram 17 recidivas (12,0 por cento) nos cinco anos de seguimento. CONCLUSIONS: Os desfechos com o uso do esquema 3, em geral, não foram satisfatórios, pois esse esquema foi aplicado em uma população selecionada com alto risco de não adesão ao tratamento e apresenta altas taxas de reações adversas, especialmente as de tipo digestivo, possivelmente causadas pela etionamida. No entanto, para aqueles que conseguiram tomar a medicação regularmente, a taxa de cura foi satisfatória. A taxa de recidiva foi superior àquela preconizada por consensos internacionais, possivelmente devido ao tempo de tratamento curto (apenas 12 meses). Acreditamos que o esquema 3 estendido para 18 meses poderia ser uma alternativa para pacientes com comprovada adesão ao tratamento.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the outcomes of retreatment in tuberculosis patients receiving the regimen known, in Brazil, as regimen 3 (streptomycin, ethambutol, ethionamide, and pyrazinamide for 3 months + ethambutol and ethionamide for 9 months) after treatment failure with the basic regimen (rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide for 2 months + rifampin and isoniazid for 4 months). METHODS: A descriptive, uncontrolled, historical cohort study involving adult tuberculosis patients treated with regimen 3. We evaluated adverse drug effects, recurrence, treatment outcomes, and associated factors. RESULTS: The study included 229 patients. The overall cure rate was 62 percent. For the patients who used the medications regularly and those who did not, the cure rate was 88 percent and 31 percent, respectively. Adverse events occurred in 95 patients (41.5 percent), and most of those events were related to the gastrointestinal tract. In the five-year follow-up period, relapse occurred in 17 cases (12.0 percent). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the outcomes of treatment with regimen 3 were unsatisfactory, in part because this regimen was administered to a selected population of patients at high risk for noncompliance with treatment, as well as because it presents high rates of adverse effects, especially those related to the gastrointestinal tract, which might be caused by ethionamide. However, for those who took the medications regularly, the cure rate was satisfactory. The recurrence rate was higher than that recommended in international consensus guidelines, which might be attributable to the short (12-month) treatment period. We believe that regimen 3, extended to 18 months, represents an option for patients with proven treatment compliance.

Differences in the clinical and radiological presentation of intrathoracic tuberculosis in the presence or absence of HIV infection.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the differences in the clinical and radiological presentation of tuberculosis in the presence or absence of HIV infection. METHODS: A sample of 231 consecutive adults with active pulmonary tuberculosis admitted to a tuberculosis hospital were studied, assessing HIV infection, AIDS, and associated factors, as well as re-evaluating chest X-rays. RESULTS: There were 113 HIV-positive patients (49%) Comparing the 113 HIV-positive patients (49%) to the 118 HIV-negative patients (51%), the former presented a higher frequency of atypical pulmonary tuberculosis (pulmonary lesions accompanied by intrathoracic lymph node enlargement), hematogenous tuberculosis, and pulmonary tuberculosis accompanied by superficial lymph node enlargement, as well as presenting less pulmonary cavitation. The same was found when HIV-positive patients with AIDS were compared to those without AIDS. There were no differences between the HIV-positive patients without AIDS and the HIV-negative patients. Median CD4 counts were lower in HIV-positive patients with intrathoracic lymph node enlargement and pulmonary lesions than in the HIV-positive patients with pulmonary lesions only (47 vs. 266 cells/mm3; p < 0.0001), in HIV-positive patients with AIDS than in those without AIDS (136 vs. 398 cells/mm3; p < 0.0001) and in patients with atypical pulmonary tuberculosis than in those with other forms of tuberculosis (31 vs. 258 cells/mm3; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Atypical forms and disseminated disease predominate among patients with advanced immunosuppression. In regions where TB prevalence is high, the presence of atypical pulmonary tuberculosis or pulmonary tuberculosis accompanied by superficial lymph node enlargement should be considered an AIDS-defining condition.

Diferenças na apresentação clínico-radiológica da tuberculose intratorácica segundo a presença ou não de infecção por HIV / Differences in the clinical and radiological presentation of intrathoracic tuberculosis in the presence or absence of HIV infection

OBJETIVO: Descrever as diferenças na apresentação clínico-radiológica da tuberculose segundo a presença ou não de infecção por HIV. MÉTODOS: Examinou-se uma amostra consecutiva de 231 adultos com tuberculose pulmonar bacilífera internados em hospital de tisiologia. A presença de infecção por HIV, AIDS e fatores associados foi avaliada e as radiografias de tórax foram reinterpretadas. RESULTADOS: Havia 113 pacientes HIV-positivos (49 por cento). Estes pacientes apresentavam maior freqüência de tuberculose pulmonar atípica (lesões pulmonares associadas a linfonodomegalias intratorácicas), tuberculose de disseminação hemática e tuberculose pulmonar associada a linfonodomegalias superficiais e menor freqüência de lesões pulmonares escavadas do que os pacientes HIV-negativos. Isto também ocorreu entre os pacientes HIV-positivos com AIDS e os HIV-positivos sem AIDS. Não se observaram diferenças entre os pacientes HIV-positivos sem AIDS e os HIV-negativos. Os valores medianos de CD4 foram menores nos pacientes HIV-positivos com linfonodomegalias intratorácicas e lesões pulmonares em comparação aos com lesões pulmonares exclusivas (47 vs. 266 células/mm³; p < 0,0001), nos pacientes HIV-positivos com AIDS em comparação aos HIV-positivos sem AIDS (136 vs. 398 células/mm³; p < 0,0001) e nos pacientes com tuberculose pulmonar atípica em comparação aos com outros tipos de tuberculose (31 vs. 258 células/mm³; p < 0,01). CONCLUSÃO: Há um predomínio de formas atípicas e doença disseminada entre pacientes com imunossupressão avançada. Em locais com alta prevalência de tuberculose, a presença de tuberculose pulmonar atípica ou de tuberculose pulmonar associada a linfonodomegalias superficiais é definidora de AIDS.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the differences in the clinical and radiological presentation of tuberculosis in the presence or absence of HIV infection. METHODS: A sample of 231 consecutive adults with active pulmonary tuberculosis admitted to a tuberculosis hospital were studied, assessing HIV infection, AIDS, and associated factors, as well as re-evaluating chest X-rays. RESULTS: There were 113 HIV-positive patients (49 percent) Comparing the 113 HIV-positive patients (49 percent) to the 118 HIV-negative patients (51 percent), the former presented a higher frequency of atypical pulmonary tuberculosis (pulmonary lesions accompanied by intrathoracic lymph node enlargement), hematogenous tuberculosis, and pulmonary tuberculosis accompanied by superficial lymph node enlargement, as well as presenting less pulmonary cavitation. The same was found when HIV-positive patients with AIDS were compared to those without AIDS. There were no differences between the HIV-positive patients without AIDS and the HIV-negative patients. Median CD4 counts were lower in HIV-positive patients with intrathoracic lymph node enlargement and pulmonary lesions than in the HIV-positive patients with pulmonary lesions only (47 vs. 266 cells/mm³; p < 0.0001), in HIV-positive patients with AIDS than in those without AIDS (136 vs. 398 cells/mm³; p < 0.0001) and in patients with atypical pulmonary tuberculosis than in those with other forms of tuberculosis (31 vs. 258 cells/mm³; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Atypical forms and disseminated disease predominate among patients with advanced immunosuppression. In regions where TB prevalence is high, the presence of atypical pulmonary tuberculosis or pulmonary tuberculosis accompanied by superficial lymph node enlargement should be considered an AIDS-defining condition.

Resultado do tratamento da tuberculose com estreptomicina, isoniazida e etambutol (esquema SHM) / Results of tuberculosis treatment with streptomycin, isoniazid, and ethambutol (scheme SHM)

Objetivo: Avaliar o desempenho do esquema SHM (estreptomicina, isoniazida e etambutol), na rotina de trabalho de uma unidade ambulatorial de tratamento da tuberculose. Método: Setenta e oito pacientes tuberculosos, cujo tratamento prévio com o esquema RHZ (seis meses de rifampicina, isoniazida e pirazinamida) teve de ser interrompido devido a efeitos adversos, ou que não puderam receber o esquema RHZ por serem de alto risco para hepatotoxicidade a esse esquema, foram tratados ambulatorialmente com o esquema de 12 meses de SHM, de 1986 a 1994, em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Resultados: Em três pacientes houve necessidade de troca de esquema por toxicidade (3,8 por cento). Nos 75 restantes observaram-se 58 curas (77,3 por cento), oito abandonos (10,7 por cento), cinco falências (6,7 por cento) e quatro óbitos (5,3 por cento). A taxa teórica de cura, que é o percentual de cura entre os bacilíferos que fizeram tratamento regular, foi de 95,3 por cento. Reações adversas ocorreram em 32 pacientes (41 por cento), sendo as mais freqüentes as manifestações de dano vestibular, em 18 (23,1 por cento). Esses resultados foram comparados com os obtidos no mesmo ambulatório com o esquema de 12 meses de RHM (rifampicina, isoniazida e etambutol) e de seis meses de RHZ. Conclusão: O esquema SHM pode ser recomendado como alternativa para o tratamento da tuberculose quando o esquema RHZ não pode ser indicado

Chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis in Brazil: report of two cases with cavitation diagnosed by transthoracic needle biopsy

Apresentam-se dois casos de Histoplasmose Pulmonar Cronica e outros onze casos da literatura brasileira sao comentados. Apos cura clínica, um de nossos pacientes apresentou bola fungica aspergilar intracavitaria, na parede da cavidade foi identificado H. capsulatum. Comentam-se aspectos diagnosticos da micose

Histoplasmose pulmonar aguda: episódio em casal de adultos / Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis in a couple of young adults

Säo relatados dois casos de histoplasmose pulmonar aguda ocorridos em casal de adultos jovens e comenta-se a importância epidemiológica do problema no Rio Grande do Sul

Tuberculose: epidemiologia, diagnóstico e tratamento em clínica e saúde pública / Tuberculosis: epidemiology, diagnostic and treatment

Dividido em duas partes - a primeira retrata as dificuldades e o trabalho relativos à organizaçäo e à administraçäo de medidas de controle eficazes em âmbito institucional e ambulatorial, e a segunda dedicada à clínica, a qual evidencia a possibilidade e as vantagens de associar o trabalho de rotina à pesquisa científica.